England

Wiltshire

Fonthill Gifford

51.087

-2.109

circa 1757

circa 1770

Destroyed

Demolished 1807 by William Beckford

Demolished

Not Listed

No

IV, 1767, pls. 82-87.

John Harris in Nov 24, 1966.

Demolished

Demolished

Demolished

Francis Cottington, 18th century. Alderman William Beckford, 18th century. William Beckford (the Alderman's son).

Alderman Beckford built Splendens on the site of an earlier house, Fonthill House, that burned down in 1755.

Alderman William Beckford

Fonthill Splendens, built by Alderman Beckford, was one of the largest Palladian houses in England. The Alderman purchased the estate of 3,000 acres on the Wiltshire-Dorset border, then called Fonthill House, in 1745 from Francis Cottington, a Jacobite and Roman Catholic. The Alderman had an enormous income, greater than most British dukes', and set about improving the park and adding land to the estate. In 1755 the original Fonthill House burned down. The new house, to be called Fonthill Splendens, was designed by a City builder name Hoare (little seems to be known about this architect-builder) and was sited to the south of the remains of the old Fonthill House. The new House was enclosed within an 8,000 acre estate shielded by 7 miles of walls. William Beckford, the Alderman's son, employed James Wyatt as an adviser in creating the seven-mile long, twelve-foot-high wall; it ultimately took three years to build. In 1786 William Beckford commissioned John Soane to convert a corridor on the second floor into a Picture Gallery. Christopher Woodward states that "The Splendens gallery would have been one of the earliest picture galleries in an English country house to be illuminated by top lighting". William Beckford moved into his incomplete Fonthill Abbey in 1807 and demolished Splendens. A watercolor and pencil sketch of Splendens by unknown British artist, circa 1800-10, is in the collection of the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut.

Alderman Beckford built one of the greatest art collections in Britain. Among his most notable purchases were eight canvases of Hogarth's "A Rake's Progress" and six of the artist's "A Harlot's Progress"; these were hung in the older house that burned in 1755. The “Rake” was rescued, but the Harlot was left to the fire. William Beckford (the Alderman’s son) sold the paintings, along with much else, in 1802 at Christie's as being "unsuitable for a Gothic Abbey” (Mrs. Soane, wife of John Soane, paid £570 for the “Rake.”) The Soanes also purchased Canaletto's 1736 View of Venice for £150.10s at the Beckford sale of 1807. "Lady in a Red Corset and Satin Dress" by Jean-Honore Fragonard was one of the artist's last works and, atypically for Fragonard, is not flamboyant and sensuous, but reflects a new direction in his stylistic development: the style of 17th century Dutch genre paintings. The Fragonard was recorded at Fonthill Splendens in 1801, where it hung in the upstairs gallery and was also at Fonthill Abbey, where it was in the Dining Room. This painting followed Beckford to Lansdown Crescent, Bath, and thence passed to the Hamiltons, where it was sold from Hamilton Palace in the sale of 1882.

The Alderman built follies and temples on his estate, even including a Chinese pagoda. He dammed the local stream to create a serpentine river near the House, and built a five-arched stone bridge with balustrade to cross the new river. The Lanes, father and son, of Tisbury constructed no less than four grottoes for the Alderman. Timothy Mowl, in his book "William Beckford: Composing for Mozart", believes that John Vardy probably constructed one of the most evocative gardens buildings of the 18th century at Splendens: a Boathouse/Temple with a cold bath and nymph's grotto. There was also a Hermitage with a fireplace for Gothic picnics and an altar in the center with the reclining figure of a river god holding a scepter. The new House was enclosed within an 8,000 acre estate shielded by 7 miles of walls. William Beckford, the Alderman's son, employed James Wyatt as an adviser in creating the seven-mile long, twelve-foot-high wall; it ultimately took three years to build.